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Index

NOTE: The page numbers in this index refer to the first edition of the book (i.e., paper), published by O'Reilly and Associates. The links attached to each page number or page range point to the appropriate locations within the electronic copy, however. (In the case of page ranges with a single link, the link points to the beginning of the range.)

Symbols

!Png2Spr image converter, 106
<IMG> tags, 19, 38-39, 43
<OBJECT> tags, 19, 38-40
Microsoft Internet Explorer support, 33
Netscape Navigator support, 30

Numbers

1stGuide image viewer, 59
16-bit sample depth
alpha_composite() macro, 235
Fireworks image editor, 21
medical tomographic (CT) images, 254
Photoshop 4 image editor, 71
Photoshop 5 image editor, 67
PNGHandler, 279
Python Imaging Library, 279
rpng demo program, 227, 232
scaling, 254-255
3D applications, 116-119
(see also VRML browsers)
3D Studio MAX application, 116

A

absolute colorimetric intent, 175
accessing structs, 223-224, 246, 268
ACDSee16 image viewer, 50
ACDSee32 image viewer, 46
Acorn RISC OS, 37, 61
Browse browser, 35
Adam7 method, 144
Adler, Mark, 125, 128, 151
Adobe Illustrator, 83
Adobe ImageReady image editor, 71-75
Adobe Photoshop 4 image editor, 69-71
Adobe Photoshop 5 image editor, 63-68
AI Picture Explorer, 46
AI Picture Utility, 46
algorithmic images, 200, 211
aLIG (alignment) chunk, 198
allocating memory manually, 223
alpha channels, 6, 9-11, 137, 282
adding with image editors
(see also image editors)
grayscale images, 141
JNG image format, 204
JPEG image format, 212-213
palette-based images, 139
Photoshop 4, 69
Photoshop 5, 64
RGB (truecolor) images, 143
(see also transparency)
alpha_composite() macro, 235, 251
Alter Image 32 image viewer, 46
Amaya browser, 36
Amiga platform
browsers, 36
image viewers, 59
ancillary chunks, 133, 139
animation, 129, 282
with MNG, 200, 209-211
annotated text (see text annotations)
anti-aliasing, 9
Apache servers, 42-44
Application Extension (GIF), 196
Archimedes image viewers, 61
Arena browser, 35
arithmetic coding, 151, 204
ArtEffect image editor, 82
artistic (rendering) intent, 174
ASCII-mode transfer of PNG files, 134
aspect ratio, 189
associated alpha, 137
Atari image viewers, 59
Author keyword (text annotations), 182
wpng demo program, 258
Average filtering, 148

B

BACK (background) chunk, 207
background color, 179, 207
obtaining with rpng reader, 226-228
Becasso image editor, 82
BeOS platform
image viewers, 58
web browsers, 37
Berry, Bob, 124
big-endian format, 100, 128, 132, 195
BitJazz utility, 14
bits, 4
bKGD (background color) chunk, 179, 226, 247
blaxxun Contact VRML browser, 112-113
Boutell, Tom, 124
Bowler, John, 237
Browse (Acorn), 35
browsers, 29-40, 283
bzip2 utility, 14, 151

C

calibration (xSCL, ySCL) chunks, 198
callback functions, 243
Cameleo image viewer, 52
Canvas image editor, 82
Caption keyword (text annotations), 183
CC3D, CCpro VRML browsers, 112
(see also blaxxun Contact VRML browser)
channels, 5
cheap transparency, 141, 143, 161
Fireworks image editor, 27
cHRM (chromaticity) chunk, 173-174
sRGB images, 176
chromaticity (see color correction)
chunks, 132-134, 137-138
MNG image format, 201-208
CIE (International Commission on Illumination), 171
client-side PNG support, 38-40
CLIP chunk, 206
clipboard (Windows), 236
CLON chunk, 205, 210
CMS (color management system), 171-178
CMYK color space, 136
color, background, 179, 207
obtaining with rpng reader, 226-228
color correction, 11-12, 282
chromaticity (cHRM chunk), 171-174
sRGB images, 176
image editor capabilities
Fireworks, 21
ImageReady, 75
Photoshop 4, 70
Photoshop 5, 65
rpng demo program, 228-234
writing PNGs, 254
color gamut, 172
color management, 11, 171-178
ICC profiles, 177-178
sRGB color space, 174-177
color representation, 135-137
colorimetric intent, 175-176
colormapped (palette-based) images, 5, 138-140
filtering, 150
Photoshop 5, 68
VRML and, 109
(see also image editors)
ColorWorks:WEB image editor, 82
Colosseum Builders' Image Library, 275
ColourEdit image converter, 104
Comment keyword (text annotations), 183
Community Place VRML browser, 115
complexity profile (MNG), 202
compositing images
rpng demo program, 235
rpng2 demo program, 249
compress utility (Unix), 15
compression, 7, 14-18, 151-162
approximating with pngcheck, 101
decoupled compression engine, 283
deflate algorithm, 15, 125, 151-153
filters, 16
image editor capabilities
Fireworks, 22, 27
GIMP, 80-81
ImageReady, 75
Paint Shop Pro, 77
Photoshop 4, 71
Photoshop 5, 67
judging effectiveness of, 153-158
pngcrush image optimizer, 89, 154
TIFF image format, 146
tips for, 159-162
troubleshooting, 16-18
wpng demo program, 263
CompuPic (see CPIC image viewer)
CompuShow image viewer, 57
Contact VRML browser, 112-113
content negotiation, 42-44
converters (see image converters)
copyright notice (text annotations), 183
wpng demo program, 258
CorelDRAW image editor, 82
CorelXARA image editor, 82
corruption, checking for, 100-104
Cosmo Player VRML browser, 110-111
Cosmo Worlds VRML editor, 116
Costello, Adam, 144, 157, 250
CPIC image viewer, 46, 50, 55
CRCs (cyclic redundancy checks), 132, 284
Creation Time keyword (text annotations), 182
Fireworks image editor, 28
Creator image converter, 105
critical chunks, 133, 139
cross-platform PNG libraries, 274-280
CRT exponents (gamma), 168, 170
CryptaPix image viewer, 46
custom error handlers, 224, 236, 241, 262
custom memory allocators, 236
cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs), 132, 284

D

datatypes, Amiga, 36, 59
DBYK chunk, 205
DeBabelizer image viewer, 55
DeBabelizer Pro, 46
decoding gamma, 164-165
ICC profiles, 178
pHYs chunk, 190
decoupled compression engine, 283
DEFI (define image) chunk, 209
deflate compression algorithm, 15, 125, 151-153
judging effectiveness of, 153-158
patents on, 153
delta (difference) images, 204
depth, image, 4-5
compression and, 159-160
Description keyword (text annotations), 182
wpng demo program, 258
dicom2 image converter, 105
digital televisions, 131, 164
DISC chunk, 206
Disclaimer keyword (text annotations), 183
Display image viewer, 57
dithering, 6, 64, 159
DOS-based image viewers, 57
Drag and View (image viewer), 46, 50
DROP chunk, 205
DTPicView image viewer, 59

E

edges and Paeth filtering, 149
editors (see image editors)
Electric Eyes image viewer, 52
Elliott, Scott, 125
E-mail keyword (text annotations), 183
wpng demo program, 258
embedded text annotations
Fireworks editor, 27-28
GIMP editor, 78
ImageReady editor, 75
Paint Shop Pro editor, 77
Photoshop 5 editor, 67
encoding gamma, 168-169
ICC profiles, 178
ENDL chunk, 206
end-of-image (IEND) chunk, 138, 204
Enhance image editor, 82
error handlers, custom, 224, 236, 241, 262
extensibility of PNG format, 284
Extreme3D application, 116

F

fALS (false-color) chunk, 198
file compression (see compression)
file corruption, checking for, 100-104
file signature (PNG images), 134-135
file size (see compression)
filtering, 16, 147-151
choosing filters, 149
Paeth predictor, 148
wpng demo program, 265
fING (fingerprint) chunk, 198
Fireworks image editor (Macromedia), 20-28
FmView image viewer, 47
Font F/X 3D application, 117
FORBID_LATIN1_CTRL macro, 259
fRAc (fractal parameters) chunk, 194
FRAM (framing) chunk, 206
frame-count value (MNG), 202
frame height/width (MNG), 202
free reference code, 283
Freehand Graphics Studio, 82
FreeWRL VRML browser, 114
Fromme, Oliver, 125

G

Gailly, Jean-loup, 128, 151
Galleria image viewer, 55
gAMA chunk, 166-168, 247
sRGB images, 176
gamma correction, 5, 11-12, 166-171, 282
encoding gamma, 168-169
gAMA chunk, 166-168, 247
sRGB images, 176
ICC profiles, 177-178
image editor capabilities
Fireworks, 21
GIMP, 81
ImageReady, 75
Paint Shop Pro, 77
Photoshop, 65, 70
pngcrush image optimizer, 90
problems with, 170-171
rpng demo program, 228-234
wpng demo program, 256-257
writing PNGs, 253
GEM-View image viewer, 59
gforge 3D utility, 117
Ghostscript image converter, 105
GIF Construction Set, 47, 50
GIF image format, 7-8
compression
PNG images vs., 155, 159
compression, vs. PNG images, 154, 157
conversion information chunks, 194
converting to PNG
gif2png, 97-99, 154
pnmtopng utility, 93
grayscale images, 140
interlacing, 12, 145
palette images, 138
plain text chunk, 196
transparency, 140
gif2png image converter, 97-99, 154
GIFConverter image viewer, 55
gIFg, gIFx (GIF conversion info) chunks, 194
gIFt (GIF plain text) chunk, 196
giftopnm utility, 93
GIMP image editor, 78-81
gj2png image converter, 105
GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), 78-81
GrafCat image viewer, 47, 50
Graphic Control Extension (GIF), 195, 197
Graphic Viewer image viewer, 47
Graphic Workshop image viewer, 47, 50, 57
GraphicConverter image viewer, 56
GraphX Viewer, 50
GRAV image viewer, 53
grayscale images, 5, 140-142, 160
Fireworks editor, 21
ImageReady editor, 71
filtering, 150
gtkLookat VRML browser, 113
gzip utility (Unix), 15, 151, 283

H

Haeberli, Paul, 125
haiku, 123, 285
halo effect, 9
header (IHDR) chunk, 137, 226, 246, 265
HEIGHT attribute (<OBJECT> tags), 39
HiJaak PRO image viewer, 47
hIST (histogram) chunk, 186
sPLT chunk and, 188
histograms, 186
history of PNG format, 123-131
HoTMetaL PRO Graphics Studio, 83
Huffman encoding, 152

I

ICC profiles, 12, 162, 176-178
iCCP chunk, 177-178
Icons Control 95 image converter, 105
IDAT (image data) chunk, 137, 204
IE (Internet Explorer), 32, 130, 278
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), 12, 131
IEND (image end) chunk, 138, 204
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 129
IHDR (image header) chunk, 137, 226, 246, 265
IIS (Internet Information Server), 30, 41-42
Illustrator (Adobe), 83
Image Alchemy image viewer, 53, 56, 57
Image Arithmetic image converter, 105
Image Composer, 83
image compression (see compression)
image converters, 87-107
image data (IDAT) chunk, 137
image editors, 62-86
Image Engineer image viewer, 60
Image Library (Colosseum Builders), 275
image offset (oFFs) chunk, 191
image properties, 4-8
image viewers (by platform), 45-61
Image32 image viewer, 56
image-defining chunks (MNG), 203-206
image-displaying chunks (MNG), 206-208
ImageFX image editor, 83
ImageGear library, 277
image/gif media type, 39
image/jpeg media type, 39
ImageLib library, 280
ImageMagick toolkit, 52, 53, 214, 274
ImageMan ActiveX Suite, 280
ImageMan DLL Suite, 280
Imagenation image viewer, 47, 50
image/png media type, 32, 39-40, 129
ImageReady image editor, 71-75
ImageVision Library, 276
image/x-png media type, 40
Img library, 279
<IMG> tags, 19, 38-39, 43
ImgDLL library, 280
ImgViewer image viewer, 47
Imlib library, 276
implementation of PNG format, 128-129
indexed-color images (see palette-based images)
Info-ZIP, 125, 151, 283
interlacing, 12-14, 16, 143-147
compression and, 159
filtering and, 149
Fireworks image editor, 28
MNG image format, 213
wpng demo program, 271
internal consistency checks, 284
International Commission on Illumination (CIE), 171
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 12, 131
international text annotations, 181, 184
Internet Explorer (Microsoft), 32-34, 130, 278
Internet Information Server (IIS), 30, 41-42
IrfanView32 image viewer, 48
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 12, 131, 177
iTXt (international text) chunk, 181, 184

J

Java Advanced Imaging API, 277
Java Image Content Handlers library, 277
Java PNG library, 278
Java Vector Graphics library, 278
Java-based image viewers, 56
JavaScript
Pnglets, 278
JDAT chunks, 204
JHDR chunk, 204
JIMI library, 278
jmp_buf struct, 223, 241, 263
jmpbuf member, 223, 241, 263
JNG image format, 203
JPEG image format, 7-8
compression, 15, 17
PNG images vs., 155-157, 159
converting to PNG (pnmtopng), 94
grayscale, 140
MNG format for, 201
progressive rendering, 13, 145
RGB (truecolor) images, 142
transparency, 142, 212-213
JPEG-LS image format, 14, 157
JVG library, 278

K

Kenichiro, Yamahata, 80
KeyView Pro image viewer, 48, 51

L

Lane, Tom, 125, 129
Latin-1 text annotation (see text annotations)
LatinByrd image converter, 105
LCDs and gamma, 170
LEADTOOLS library, 280
Leffler, Sam, 139
left bit replication, 254
legal disclaimer (text annotations), 183
Lehmann, Alexander, 129
Lempel, Abraham, 123
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression, 15
libjpeg library, 141, 204
libpng library, 219, 283
automatic compression and filtering options, 161
early development of, 127-129, 130-131
gif2png compression results, 154
rpng demo program, 219-237
rpng2 demo program, 238-252
smoothing and centered pixel replication, 146
source code, 237
wpng demo program, 255-273
libraries for PNG images
cross-platform libraries, 274-280
libpng, 219, 283
rpng demo program, 219-237
rpng2 demo program, 238-252
wpng demo program, 255-273
Windows-specific libraries, 280-281
libtiff library, 100, 139, 146
LibVRML97/Lookat suite, 113
LightWave 3D application, 117
Liquid Reality VRML browser, 115
little-endian format, 100, 128, 195
Live3D VRML browser, 115
LiView image viewer, 59
longjmp(), 223, 241, 263
Lookat VRML browser, 113
LOOP chunk, 206
lossy vs. lossless compression, 7, 14
MNG image format, 201
warning users about, 162
LZ77 algorithm, 123, 151
LZSS algorithm, 151
LZ78 algorithm, 123
LZH compression, 152
LZW algorithm, 15, 123

M

Macintosh platform
gamma correction, 168
image viewers, 55
Internet Explorer on, 34
web browsers, 37
Macromedia Fireworks image editor, 20-28
mainprog_info struct, 240, 260
Makaha image viewer, 48
mask channels (see alpha channels)
Mathematica application, 117
MathGL3d viewer, 117
MediaStudio Pro image editor, 83
media types
image/gif, 39
image/jpeg, 39
image/png, 32, 39-40, 129
image/x-png, 40
memory allocation, manual, 223
memory allocators, custom, 236
MEND chunk, 202
MHDR (MNG header) chunk, 202
MHEG-5 UK Profile, 131
Microsoft, 229
IIS (Internet Information Server), 30, 41-42
Image Composer, 83
Internet Explorer, 32-34, 130, 278
Office 2000, 237
Office 97, 130
Visual C++, 275
MIME types (see media types)
minimum sum of absolute differences, 150
Mitchell, Kevin, 129
MNG image format, 129-130, 199-216
algorithmic images, 200, 211
animated movies with, 200, 209-211
applications for, 214
common applications, 199-201
JPEGs with transparency, 212-213
structure, 201-208
MNGeye decoder, 214
mod_negotiation module (Apache), 42
modification time, 180
MOVE chunk, 207, 210
Mozilla (Netscape Navigator open source code), 30, 131
MSIE (see Internet Explorer)
MSVRML browser, 111-112
multibyte UTF-8 encodings, 186
Multimedia/Hypermedia Experts Group (MHEG), 131
multiple images (see MNG image format)
Multiview image viewer, 60
MultiViews method (Apache), 44

N

Navigator (Netscape), 29-32
Nendo 3D application, 118
NetPBM format, 92
Netscape Navigator, 18, 29-32, 124, 130-131
NetStudio image editor, 83
NetSurfer browser, 38
NeXTStep browsers, 38
NView image viewer, 58

O

object manipulation, 205
<OBJECT> tags, 19, 38-40
Microsoft Internet Explorer support, 33
Netscape Navigator support, 30
Office 2000 (Microsoft), 237
Office 97 (Microsoft), 130
oFFs (image offset) chunk, 191
OmniWeb browser, 38
opacity, 6
(see also alpha channels; transparency)
Open Source-style development, 283
OpenStep browsers, 38
OpenVMS image viewers, 52
Opera browser, 34-35
ordered dithering, 64
OS/2 platform
browsers, 38
image viewers, 55

P

Paeth, Alan W., 148
Paeth predictor, 148
Paint Shop Pro editor, 76-78, 215
PaintLib library, 275
palette-based (colormapped) images, 5, 138-140
filtering, 150
Photoshop 5, 68
VRML and, 109
(see also image editors)
partial-frame updates, 200
PAST chunk, 205
patents
BitJazz utility, 14
deflate algorithm, 131, 153
JPEG-LS image format, 14
LZW algorithm, 98, 124
PNG compression, 14
PBF image format, 125
PBM format, 92
pCAL (pixel calibration) chunk, 192
perceptual rendering intent, 176
Personal Paint image editor, 83
pf2wrl converter, 118
PhotoDraw 2000 image editor, 83
PhotoImpact image editor, 84
PhotoLine image editor, 84
Photon Picture Viewer, 53
Photonyx image editor, 84
Photonyx Viewer, 48
Photoshop 4 image editor, 69-71
Photoshop 5 image editor, 63-68
pHYs (physical pixel dimensions) chunk, 189
physical pixel dimensions chunk, 189
physical-scale (sCAL) chunk, 190
PicaView16 image viewer, 51
PicaView32 image viewer, 48
PicCon image converter, 106
Picnic image editor, 84
Picture Publisher image editor, 84
PictView image viewer, 58
PicViewer image viewer, 48
PingPong image viewer, 53
PiXCL Tools library, 281
pixel calibration (pCAL) chunk, 192
pixel depth, 4-5
compression and, 159-160
pixel dimensions, 189
PixelGraphicLibrary demo viewer, 48
PixelGraphicLibrary library, 281
pixels, 4
PixFolio image viewer, 48, 51
Plain Text Extension (GIF), 196
platform independence and gamma, 163, 168
play-time value (MNG), 202
PLTE (palette) chunk, 138, 142-143, 186
sPLT chunk and, 188
PMJPEG image viewer, 55
PMView image viewer, 55
PNG-Box image converter, 106
png_check_sig(), 222, 240
png_color_16 struct, 227, 267
PNG_COLOR_MASK_ macros, 265
png_create_XXXX_struct() functions, 224
png_create_info_struct(), 222
png_create_read_struct(), 222, 241
png_create_write_struct(), 262-263
png_destroy_read_struct(), 225
png_destroy_write_struct(), 268, 273
PNG Development Group, 125-128
png_get_bKGD(), 226, 247
png_get_gAMA(), 247
png_get_IHDR(), 226, 246
png_get_valid(), 226
PNG image format
basics of, 132-147, 281-285
client-side support, 29-40
file signature, 134-135
history of, 123-131
image types, 138-143
Macromedia Fireworks support, 20-28
server-side support, 40-44
uses for, 8-20
writing images, 253-273
png_init_io(), 225, 263
PNG library (libpng)
rpng demo program, 219-237
rpng2 demo program, 238-252
wpng demo program, 255-273
png_process_data(), 245
png_progressive_combine_row(), 249
png_read_info(), 225
png_read_update_info(), 248
PNG reader demo (see rpng demo program)
png_set_compression_level(), 265
png_set_compression_strategy(), 265
png_set_filter(), 265
png_set_gamma, 247
png_set_IHDR(), 265
png_set_interlace_handling(), 247
png_set_packing(), 270
png_set_progressive_read_fn(), 241
png_set_text(), 268
png_set_tRNS(), 265
png_sig_cmp(), 222
png_text structs, 268
png_write_image(), 271
png_write_info(), 268
!Png2Spr image converter, 106
pngcheck utility, 100-104, 214
pngcrush image optimizer, 88-91, 154
png.h header file, 220, 239, 261
PNGHandler, 279
PNGImageViewer image viewer, 57
Pnglets, 278
pnglib library, 127-128
(see also libpng library)
PngThing image viewer, 57
pnmtopng image converter, 91-97, 255
PolyView image viewer, 48
portable anymaps (PNM), 93
portable bitmaps (PBM), 93
portable graymaps (PGM), 93
portable pixmaps (PPM), 93
POV-Ray 3D application, 118
PPLT chunk, 205
ppmquant utility, 96
PPShow image viewer, 60
premultiplied alpha, 137
primary chromaticities, 173
printers and gamma correction, 170
private chunks, 133
progressive JPEG
spectral selection, 145
successive approximation, 145
progressive reader (rpng2 demo program), 238-252
progressive rendering, 12-14, 143-147
MNG image format, 213
PS4, PS5 (see Photoshop 4; Photoshop 5)
pseudocolor (see colormapped images)
PSP (see Paint Shop Pro)
ptot image converter, 106
public chunks, 133
Python Imaging Library, 279

Q

QHTM library, 275
QNX Software Systems, 53
QPV image viewer, 58
quantization, 6, 159, 254
Quick View Plus, 49, 51, 54
QuickPic image viewer, 59
QuickShow Lite, 51
QuickTime library, 276
QuickTime PictureViewer, 48, 56

R

Randers-Pehrson, Glenn, 54, 88, 126, 129-131, 199, 214
Randers-Pehrson, Michael N., 285
raster images, 4
Rational Reducer 3D application, 118
reader for PNG (see rpng demo program)
reading PNG images
progressive readers (rpng2 demo program), 238-252
rpng demo program, 219-237
readpng_cleanup(), 234
readpng_get_color(), 226-228
readpng_get_image(), 228-234
readpng_init(), 221-226
readpng_version_info(), 221
readpng2_check_sig(), 240
readpng2_cleanup(), 252
readpng2_decode_data(), 243-245
readpng2_end_callback(), 243, 251
readpng2_error_handler(), 241
readpng2_info_callback(), 243, 245-248
readpng2_init(), 239-243
readpng2_row_callback(), 243, 248-249
readpng.c file, 219-221
relative colorimetric intent, 175
rendering (artistic) intent, 174
resolution, 4
RGB color space, 136
device dependence, 171
RGB (truecolor) images, 5, 142-143
filtering, 150
PLTE chunk with, 187
quantizing and dithering, 159, 254
RGBA images, 143
quantizing and dithering, 159, 254
Riptide PhotoStudio image viewer, 49
RLE (run-length encoding), 147
Roelofs, Greg, 100, 125, 127, 214
rpng demo program, 219-237
alternate approaches to, 236-237
compositing and displaying images, 235
gamma and color correction, 228-234
png.h header file, 220
readpng_cleanup(), 234
readpng_get_color(), 226-228
readpng_init(), 221-226
readpng.c file, 219-221
rpng-win.c file, 220
rpng-x.c file, 220
source code, 235
rpng2 demo program, 238-252
compositing and displaying images, 249
png.h header file, 239
readpng2_check_sig(), 240
readpng2_cleanup(), 252
readpng2_decode_data(), 243-245
readpng2_end_callback(), 243, 251
readpng2_error_handler(), 241
readpng2_info_callback(), 243, 245-248
readpng2_init(), 239-243
readpng2_row_callback(), 243, 248-249
readpng2.c file, 238
source code, 252
run-length encoding (RLE), 147

S

sample depth, 4-5
compression and, 159-160
samples, 5
Satori image editor, 84
saturation-preserving rendering intent, 176
SAVE chunk, 208
sBIT (significant bits) chunk, 188, 255
sCAL (physical scale) chunk, 190
Schalnat, Guy Eric, 128
screendoor transparency, 111
SEA image viewer, 58
SEEK chunk, 208
servers, 40-44
setjmp(), 223, 241, 263
Shake image editor, 84
Shekter, Jonathan, 125
SHOW chunk, 207
Showcase image viewer, 49
signature, 134-135
significant-bits chunk, 188, 255
Sixlegs PNG library, 277
sleep(), 244
slide shows, 199
sliding window concept, 151
SmartSaver image converter, 106
Software keyword (text annotations), 183
Source keyword (text annotations), 183
specifications for PNG images, 284
spectral selection, 145
sPLT (suggested palette) chunk, 142, 187
Spr2Png image converter, 106
sRGB chunk, 174, 176, 254
sRGB color space, 12, 65, 174-177
standardization of PNG format, 130, 177, 184, 284
stippled alpha, 111
Storer, James, 151
strips (TIFF interlacing), 146
structs, accessing, 223-224, 246, 268
successive approximation, 145
suggested palette (sPLT) chunk, 142, 187
SuperView Library, 280
SViewII image viewer, 60
system gamma, 168
Szymanski, Thomas, 151

T

teletext, 131
text annotations
Fireworks editor, 27-28
ImageReady editor, 75
international (iTXt chunk), 181, 184
Paint Shop Pro editor, 77
Photoshop 4 editor, 71
Photoshop 5 editor, 67
tEXt and zTXt chunks, 181
PNG-writing program, 257-261
tEXt chunk, 181
PNG-writing program, 257-261
text-mode transfer of PNG files, 134
texture mapping, 109
ThumbNailer image converter, 107
ThumbsPlus image viewer, 49, 51, 56
ticks-per-second value (MNG), 202
TIFF image format, 7, 18
compression, 159
converting to PNG
pnmtopng, 94
tiff2png, 99-100
grayscale images, 140
interlacing, 14, 146
palette images, 139
palette size, 15
RGBA images, 143
transparency, 140-141
Tiff2png image converter, 99-100
tiles extension (TIFF), 146
tIME chunk, 180
Fireworks image editor, 28
timestamp, 180
tips
compression, 159-162
for programmers, 281-285
Title keyword (text annotations), 182
wpng demo program, 258
Torch VRML engine, 115
ToyViewer image viewer, 54
Translator image viewer, 61
transparency, 6, 9-11, 137, 282
adding with image editors
Fireworks, 22-27
GIMP, 80
ImageReady, 71
Photoshop 4, 69, 71
Photoshop 5, 64, 68
choosing image format, 18
grayscale images, 141
image converter capabilities
gif2png, 98
pnmtopng, 95
JPEG image format, 212-213
opacity, 6
palette-based images, 139
RGB (truecolor) images, 143
tRNS chunk, 139, 143, 161, 265
VRML objects, 109
CosmoPlayer, 111
WorldView plug-in, 112
(see also alpha channels)
tRNS (transparency) chunk, 139, 143, 161, 265
troubleshooting
compression, 16-18
gamma correction, 170-171
truecolor (RGB) images, 5, 142-143
filtering, 150
PLTE chunk with, 187
quantizing and dithering, 159, 254
RGB color space, 136
trueSpace 3D application, 118
TwistedPixel library, 281

U

uch, ulg, ush datatypes, 222
UCS-4 character set, 186
Ultraconv image converter, 107
unassociated alpha, 137
Unicode character set, 186
Unix platform
image viewers, 52
PNG reader demo program, 220
Up filtering, 148
URL keyword (text annotations), 183
wpng demo program, 258
user-defined I/O routines, 236
usleep(), 244
UTF-8 text annotations, 181, 184

V

van Schaik, Willem, 129
variants files (Apache), 42
vector-based images, 4
VermelGen VRML editor, 119
Victor Image Processing Library, 281
VideoStudio image editor, 85
VidFun image viewer, 49, 51
ViewDT image viewer, 60
viewer for PNG images, 219-221
Viewer Pro! image viewer, 51
viewers (see image viewers)
Viewpng image viewer, 54, 214
ViewTEK image viewer, 60
Visage image viewer, 60
Viscape Universal 3D browser, 113
Visio image editor, 85
VMS image viewers, 52
voxel data, 200
VRML browsers, 108-116
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language), 108, 155
VRMLView browser, 114
VRwave VRML browser, 115

W

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 30, 44, 129
Warning keyword (text annotations), 183
web browsers, 29-40, 283
web servers, 40-44
WebGraphics Optimizer, 49
WebImage image editor, 85
WebPainter image editor, 85
weighted sum of absolute differences, 150
Welch, Terry, 123
white point, 173
WIDTH attribute (<OBJECT> tags), 39
Windows platforms
image viewers, 46
PNG libraries, 280-281
PNG reader demo program, 220
WinImages image editor, 85
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 30, 44, 129
WorldView/MSVRL browser, 111-112
wpng_cleanup(), 273
wpng demo program, 255-273
gamma correction, 256-257
png.h header file, 261
source code, 273
wpng_isvalid_latin1(), 259
writepng_cleanup(), 273
writepng_encode_image(), 271
writepng_encode_row(), 272
writepng_error_handler(), 263
writepng_init(), 261-270
writepng_version_info(), 261
writepng.c file, 255
writing PNG images, 253-273
wpng demo program, 255-273
WWW browsers, 29-40, 283
WWW servers, 40-44

X

Xara Webster image editor, 85
Xara3D application, 119
xart image editor, 85
xli image viewer, 54
xmLookat VRML browser, 113
XPaint image editor, 85
xRes image editor, 86
xSCL calibration chunk, 198
XV image viewer, 52, 54
XVidCap application, 215

Y

Y2K, Y10K, Y65K, Y2038 compliance, 180
YCbCr color space, 136
YIQ color space, 136
ySCL calibration chunk, 198
YUV color space, 136

Z

Zeus server, 42
Zgv image viewer, 55
Ziv, Jacob, 123
zlib format, 152
specification, 181
zlib library, 102, 127-128, 131, 152, 219, 283
source code, 237
zlib.h header file, 220
zTXt chunk, 181
PNG-writing program, 257-261

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